Introduction to Putnam The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC ("PAC") has been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) as an investment adviser since 1968. Putnam Investments, LLC (“Putnam” or “Putnam Investments”), a broad- based, dedicated asset manager whose history reaches back to 1937, wholly owns PAC through various subsidiaries. Putnam is an active asset manager providing investment advice across all asset classes to individuals and institutions worldwide through separately managed accounts and pooled investment funds. Based in Boston, Putnam also has offices in Europe, Asia and Australia. Putnam is an indirect subsidiary of Great-West Lifeco Inc. Great-West Lifeco Inc. (“GWL”), a member of the Power Corporation group of companies, is a financial service holding company with operations in Canada, the United States and Europe. GWL is a subsidiary of Power Corporation of Canada (“Power”), an international management and holding company that focuses on financial services in North America, Europe and Asia. Although Putnam Investments itself is not a public company, GWL and Power are traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange. PAC manages assets for institutional and international clients through its head office in Boston, Massachusetts and a branch office in Singapore. In addition, PAC manages various pooled investment funds, such as limited liability companies, limited partnerships, and non-U.S. funds, and also sub-advises some of the Putnam Funds, which are discussed below. PAC is affiliated, through common ownership by Putnam, with: ♦ Putnam Investment Management, LLC (“PIM”), a registered investment adviser that manages Putnam’s registered investment companies, including open-end mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (“ETFs”), and closed-end funds (the “Putnam Funds”) and Putnam 529 for AmericaSM, a Section 529 college savings plan. PIM also provides “model only” recommendations to the account sponsors for various wrap programs’ separately managed account offerings, and offers certain standalone model portfolios. Additionally, PIM provides investment advisory services to retail separately managed account clients through managed account programs sponsored by broker-dealers and other financial intermediaries. PIM also sub-advises registered investment companies sponsored by other financial firms, including affiliates of Great-West Lifeco Inc. as well as unaffiliated sponsors. ♦ Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company, LLC (“PFTC”), a New Hampshire non-depository trust company that manages assets through collective investment trusts and separate accounts, and also provides trustee and custodial services pursuant to its banking and fiduciary powers, and ♦ Putnam Investments Limited (“PIL”), a registered investment adviser that manages assets for non-U.S. institutional clients, subadvises some PAC and PIM client portfolios (including certain Putnam Funds), and promotes Putnam products and services in selected countries in Europe, the Middle East and Africa and some other non-U.S. countries. These four Putnam management companies generally market their services together (depending on the type of client involved) under the Putnam brand, and share a common platform of trading, compliance, risk systems, and policies and procedures. They are sometimes called “Putnam,” the “Putnam Advisers,” or simply “We” in this brochure. Investment Management Services Putnam offers professional, active investment management across a broad range of asset classes, including traditional long-only equity, fixed income, multi-asset income, alternative, and multi-asset class strategies. Putnam manages client assets based on the individual needs of the client, which are stated in the written 5 The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC objectives and guidelines of the client’s account. In a typical discretionary separate account relationship (that is, an investment portfolio pursuing a particular investment strategy, established in the client’s name at its custodian), the client authorizes PAC to supervise, manage and direct the investment of the assets of the portfolio without prior consultation with the client. For non-discretionary accounts, which are less common, PAC must consult with the client prior to implementing any investment decisions. PAC is primarily a discretionary asset manager and does not routinely provide general investment advice or planning services to its clients; however, it does serve as a non-discretionary adviser to PFTC with respect to some Putnam bank trusts, as described below, and to some third-party bank trusts. As of December 31, 2022, PAC has $28,195,563,815 in discretionary net assets under management and $39,148,242,340 in non-discretionary net assets under management.1 In addition to separate accounts, PAC also manages or sub-advises pooled investment funds. These funds include privately-offered funds exempt from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940 pursuant to its Sections 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7), bank trusts for pension and profit-sharing plans, non-U.S. investment funds and certain Putnam Funds. Some non-U.S. funds may be offered in the United States to “qualified purchasers,” but others are available only in specific non-U.S. countries. With respect to its alternative asset management business, which provides investment solutions in both open- ended and drawdown structures, PAC uses the trade name “37 Capital.” Like separate accounts, investment funds are managed in accordance with written investment objectives,

strategies and guidelines. However, a fund is a pooled vehicle, and its investment program cannot be tailored to the individual needs of any particular investor. Investment in a fund (including receipt of this brochure as an investor) does not create an advisory client relationship between the investor and Putnam. Therefore, investors should consult their consultant or financial representative and consider whether a fund meets their investment objectives and risk tolerance prior to investing. Investors in pooled funds receive an offering memorandum, prospectus, or similar document that describes the fund, including its risks, fees, and the qualifications needed to invest. Some investment funds may be offered on a private placement or other limited basis and may not be available to, or appropriate for, all prospective investors. PAC also provides non-discretionary investment management services through fee programs such as Unified Managed Account programs or other programs, where PAC generally provides ongoing investment recommendations through one or more “model” portfolios, and the program sponsor, rather than PAC, makes investment decisions and executes trades on behalf of its underlying clients. The sponsor decides in its discretion whether to make any changes to the model that PAC recommends, and is also solely responsible for determining the suitability of the strategy and investments for each client that participates. All management and support of underlying client accounts, such as investment allocation, restrictions, or tax harvesting, is also the responsibility of the sponsor or any overlay manager selected by the sponsor. Because PAC does not provide continuous investment advice or effect transactions for client accounts in model provider programs, their assets are not counted as assets under management in the information above in this item. Sales and Marketing Activities In order to promote our products and services, Putnam engages in sales and marketing activities, including responding to client requests for proposals (RFPs) and presenting or making available information on our investment capabilities and pooled fund products, as well as sharing education materials, market commentary, white papers, investment and portfolio analysis tools and models, and other resources. Clients and prospective clients should be aware that Putnam will not be considered an investment advice fiduciary in connection with selling and distributing our products and services, including under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 or any similar law. When we discuss a possible investment with Putnam with a prospective or current client, we do not undertake to provide impartial investment advice, or to give advice in a fiduciary capacity in connection with any related investment decision or transaction. 1 Regulatory assets under management reported in Item 5 of Form ADV Part 1 are required to be calculated gross of fees and other liabilities, so they will differ from the net asset numbers stated in this brochure or in other sources. 6 The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC This is because providing such advice could involve an inherent conflict of interest, since Putnam earns fees, such as the management fees discussed in Item 5 of this brochure, when clients invest with us. We earn our fees in connection with selecting portfolio investments for our clients within a specific investment discipline or fund strategy; in contrast, we do not provide advice, and do not earn fees for providing advice, on the selection of investment advisers (such as Putnam and its competitors) or investment funds (such as for evaluating our managed funds versus those offered by other asset managers). We offer and sell only our own products and services and do so on an arm’s length basis. While Putnam aims to provide accurate information and comply with applicable law in all our sales and marketing activities, clients and prospects who want professional guidance on whether or not to hire Putnam, or whether or not to invest in a particular Putnam offering, should seek independent advice. Limitations on Services As an asset manager, PAC provides a specific service. PAC does not provide tax, legal, or accounting advice, and clients should note that, unless otherwise specifically agreed or disclosed in writing, PAC will not take tax considerations into account in managing a client’s portfolio. In addition, for clients other than our managed funds, we do not advise on or take any action in any legal proceedings on their behalf, including bankruptcies or class actions, involving securities or other investments held or formerly held in a client’s account or the issuers of those securities, except where specifically agreed with the client in writing. For Putnam-sponsored pooled investment funds, Putnam manages portfolio cash as part of its overall investment services. Cash arrangements for other clients, such as separate accounts or sub-advised clients, vary depending on the client’s preferences and the account documents. Where the short-term investment fund (STIF) or similar vehicle offered by a client’s custodian is used for residual cash investment (for example, where a client directs that all cash be swept daily to the STIF), clients should note that the STIF involve additional credit, market and other risks beyond the securities managed directly by Putnam. Clients interested in greater detail about their custodian’s STIF should contact their custodian for more information. 7 The Putnam Advisory Company, LLC